ext2, ext3 and ext4 are all filesystems created for Linux. This article explains the following:
- High level difference between these filesystems.
- How to create these filesystems.
- How to convert from one filesystem type to another.
Ext2
- Ext2 stands for second extended file system.
- It was introduced in 1993. Developed by Rémy Card.
- This was developed to overcome the limitation of the original ext file system.
- Ext2 does not have journaling feature.
- On flash drives, usb drives, ext2 is recommended, as it doesn’t need to do the over head of journaling.
- Maximum individual file size can be from 16 GB to 2 TB
- Overall ext2 file system size can be from 2 TB to 32 TB
Ext3
- Ext3 stands for third extended file system.
- It was introduced in 2001. Developed by Stephen Tweedie.
- Starting from Linux Kernel 2.4.15 ext3 was available.
- The main benefit of ext3 is that it allows journaling.
- Journaling has a dedicated area in the file system, where all the changes are tracked. When the system crashes, the possibility of file system corruption is less because of journaling.
- Maximum individual file size can be from 16 GB to 2 TB
- Overall ext3 file system size can be from 2 TB to 32 TB
- There are three types of journaling available in ext3 file system.
- Journal – Metadata and content are saved in the journal.
- Ordered – Only metadata is saved in the journal. Metadata are journaled only after writing the content to disk. This is the default.
- Writeback – Only metadata is saved in the journal. Metadata might be journaled either before or after the content is written to the disk.
- You can convert a ext2 file system to ext3 file system directly (without backup/restore).
Ext4
- Ext4 stands for fourth extended file system.
- It was introduced in 2008.
- Starting from Linux Kernel 2.6.19 ext4 was available.
- Supports huge individual file size and overall file system size.
- Maximum individual file size can be from 16 GB to 16 TB
- Overall maximum ext4 file system size is 1 EB (exabyte). 1 EB = 1024 PB (petabyte). 1 PB = 1024 TB (terabyte).
- Directory can contain a maximum of 64,000 subdirectories (as opposed to 32,000 in ext3)
- You can also mount an existing ext3 fs as ext4 fs (without having to upgrade it).
- Several other new features are introduced in ext4: multiblock allocation, delayed allocation, journal checksum. fast fsck, etc. All you need to know is that these new features have improved the performance and reliability of the filesystem when compared to ext3.
- In ext4, you also have the option of turning the journaling feature “off”.
Use the method we discussed earlier to identify whether you have ext2 or ext3 or ext4 file system.
Warning: Don’t execute any of the commands given below, if you don’t know what you are doing. You will lose your data!
Creating an ext2, or ext3, or ext4 filesystem
Once you’ve partitioned your hard disk using fdisk command, use mke2fs to create either ext2, ext3, or ext4 file system.
Create an ext2 file system:
mke2fs /dev/sda1
Create an ext3 file system:
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1 (or) mke2fs –j /dev/sda1
Create an ext4 file system:
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (or) mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sda1
Converting ext2 to ext3
For example, if you are upgrading /dev/sda2 that is mounted as /home, from ext2 to ext3, do the following.
umount /dev/sda2 tune2fs -j /dev/sda2 mount /dev/sda2 /home
Note: You really don’t need to umount and mount it, as ext2 to ext3 conversion can happen on a live file system. But, I feel better doing the conversion offline.
Converting ext3 to ext4
If you are upgrading /dev/sda2 that is mounted as /home, from ext3 to ext4, do the following.
umount /dev/sda2 tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/sda2 e2fsck -pf /dev/sda2 mount /dev/sda2 /home
Again, try all of the above commands only on a test system, where you can afford to lose all your data.
My name is Ramesh Natarajan. I will be posting instruction guides, how-to, troubleshooting tips and tricks on Linux, database, hardware, security and web. My focus is to write articles that will either teach you or help you resolve a problem. Read more about
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I have an external hard drive FAT32. How to convert to a file system readable ONLY from linux (i.e. Ubuntu 10.04) and OSX 10.4.11 and 10.6.7 but not windows (for security reason)?
Gr8! This is very basic but important as well.
‘The Geek Stuff’ is very help full to understand nut n bolds of Linux.
Keep it up!
The maximum size of the ext2/ext3/ext4 is just wrong. All of these systems split drive into small blocks (clusters). The blocks are never larger than 4kb. With 32bit addressing at 4kb per block gives us upper limit of 16TB for total file storage.
Technically one could try to force blocks to be larger than 4kb, but this is not recommended, since most utilities are hard coded to 1kb/2kb and 4kb block sizes. (good luck having your system crash and no easy way to recover these files).
Tso is working to get ext4 a larger addressing mode (48 or 64bit). Searching for 16TB ext4 limit on google reveals a plethora of people looking for a solution.
Hi Ramesh,
Good summary of differences. 🙂
Regards,
Júlio.
Hi Ramesh,
There is certainly a mistake on specification about number of sub-directories that can be created under a directory in ext4 files. You have mentioned it as 64,000 but its actually 6,40,000 (6 lakhs 40 thousands).
I just tested by increasing the condition value in my script to 640,000 and it did created all the sub-directories.
Hi,
All your documentation on linux are so helpful. I was wondering, if you could provide some documentation on linux servers hardening (centos latest version).
Hope to hear from you on this.
Regards
Yunus
@engel
create an encrypted partition on your usb hdd using the instructions given here.
There are several tools that allow windows to read ext2/3 and even ext4 file systems.
EXT4 already has 48 bit block addressing.
this is a very good explanation of Ext2, Ext3 and Ext4. Whoever took their time to compile this, deserves a pat on the back. Well Done.
NICE!
Two other sites to visit for furher iinfo on ext4 are Ext4 (and Ext2/Ext3) Wiki ,and Linux Kernel Newbies ext4
BTW, one good way to format ext4 from scratch, W/O journalling, onto a device natively-named “/dev/sda1” is to specifically issue the command
‘ mke2fs -t ext4 -O ^has_journal -cv /dev/sda1 ‘
This is good to know for future reference 😉
very nice…and briefly…i got it….it explained very easy method…i really love it..
can any one help me to know how to increase the individual file size limit in the ext4 file system in linux?
greate, it is realy very important……………….
Hi there
I have been looking out for a reliable home-NAS. I have bought a NEXStar Home NAS, which would work great if it permitted me more than 256 characters in the path/filename. Much of my folder structure is nested in folders which makes sense from a filing perspective , but not in a backup system.
Does EXT4 provide for that depth (and more) of path/ filename support?
I have been looking at the Synology set of NAS systems.
gr8 summary of definitions…….
Its too good ….-:)
Nice info.. thank you
Guys,
There is a typo,
tune4fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/sda2
You cannot use the tune2fs for ext4! 🙂
Very beautifully explained..
Great, its too good description of file system in linux.
Arul, I’m using tune2fs ext4 on Debian Wheezy 64-bit.
sudo tune2fs -l LABEL=system
tune2fs 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)
Filesystem volume name: system
Last mounted on: /
Filesystem UUID: d68bccf7-08bb-4ad1-81e0-a1c628cb0355
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 2101232
Block count: 8396484
Reserved block count: 419824
Free blocks: 6533744
Free inodes: 1784482
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Reserved GDT blocks: 1021
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8176
Inode blocks per group: 511
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Sun Apr 21 12:59:30 2013
Last mount time: Fri May 24 03:13:45 2013
Last write time: Fri May 24 03:13:45 2013
Mount count: 37
Maximum mount count: 100
Last checked: Sun Apr 21 12:59:30 2013
Check interval: 7776000 (3 months)
Next check after: Sat Jul 20 12:59:30 2013
Lifetime writes: 95 GB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 28
Desired extra isize: 28
Journal inode: 8
First orphan inode: 1583808
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: 3253a857-11f0-45a2-92f2-82c689d0f0bc
Journal backup: inode blocks
Really a Very Nice documents Specially when a beginner like me want to know difference between all the file systems in Linux.
Thank you
so helpful… bur is fat6 and fat32 a file system in linux?
Very nice Info… got idea…
realy like, very informative keepup
gr8 but i use android-x86 kitkat (4.4 r1) aka 4.4.2
i created a boot able drive using unetbootin
the default android installer only support ext2 and ext3
i dunno if the system is going to crash if i convert my installed ext3 android into ext4
any ideas?
PS if any one use android x86 i suggest use ext2 or 3 format because ntfs and fat32 suck at android compitablity
very nice info.thanks
If I have a kernel version older than 2.6.19 and need to convert ext3 to ext4 then what should be the steps to be followed . Do I need to patch my kernel or a complete kernel upgrade is needed
I just noticed that dir_index may not have been set for all filesystems created and that uninit_bg is not set because of a bug here. So use
tune2fs -O extent,huge_file,flex_bg,dir_nlink,extra_isize,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/sda2
resize2fs -b /dev/sda2